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OBJECTIVE To predict the development trends of licensed pharmacist staffing in retail pharmacies within the western China and provide reference for the formulation of policies related to licensed pharmacists. METHODS Based on the data of retail pharmacies and licensed pharmacists in the western China from 2016 to 2022， a grey model was constructed to analyze and predict the number development trends of retail pharmacies and licensed pharmacists in the western China from 2023 to 2026. RESULTS Currently， the 1∶1 staffing requirement for licensed pharmacists and retail pharmacies had been met in Shaanxi， Guangxi and Gansu. Based on current trends， Inner Mongolia， Chongqing， Yunnan， and Qinghai were expected to meet the 1∶1 staffing requirement for licensed pharmacists and retail pharmacies between 2023 and 2026. Sichuan and Xinjiang were also expected to meet this requirement in the future. However， there was still a significant gap in Guizhou， Xizang， and Ningxia towards achieving the above goals. CONCLUSIONS There is still a discrepancy between the deployment of licensed pharmacists and the national requirements in certain western provinces. Local authorities should formulate relevant policies according to local circumstances. Regions that have already met or will soon achieve the staffing requirement for licensed pharmacists should continue to enhance the quantity and quality of their licensed pharmacist workforce. In areas where meet this criterion in the short term is not feasible， it is necessary to strengthen the development of the licensed pharmacist workforce， and control the number of new retail pharmacies.
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In a previous study, we screened thousands of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) to assess their potential relationship with congenital heart disease (CHD). In this study, uc.4 attracted our attention because of its high level of evolutionary conservation and its antisense orientation to the CASZ1 gene, which is vital for heart development. We explored the function of uc.4 in cells and in zebrafish, and describe a potential mechanism of action. P19 cells were used to investigate the function of uc.4. We studied the effect of uc.4 overexpression on heart development in zebrafish. The overexpression of uc.4 influenced cell differentiation by inhibiting the TGF-beta signaling pathway and suppressed heart development in zebrafish, resulting in cardiac malformation. Taken together, our findings show that uc.4 is involved in heart development, thus providing a potential therapeutic target for CHD.
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Objective To examine the two-week morbidity rates and the associated factors among the residents of Jilin province and to learn the health services needs among residents before and after new health care reform and provide basis for the establishment of health planning. Methods We used the data from the National Health Services Survey of Jilin from 2008 to 2013,with a total sample size of 29 495. Descriptive analyses were performed to analyze two-week morbidity rates,and Logistic regression was employed to explore the associated factors. Results From 2008 to 2013,the two-week morbidity rate increased from 9.2% to 25.7% (P<0.001). In 2013 and 2008,the two-week morbidities of onset had significantly different compositions (<inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="Mml2-1000-503X-39-2-247"><mml:mtable frame="none" columnlines="none" rowlines="none"><mml:mtr><mml:mtd><mml:maligngroup/><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>χ</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:mtd></mml:mtr></mml:mtable></mml:math></inline-formula>=240.86,P<0.001). Chronic conditions continuing to two weeks accounted for 80.4% in the onset time of two weeks in 2013. Hypertension,diabetes,and other chronic diseases had become the leading disorders. The influential factors of the two-week morbidity in 2008 were residency (OR=0.97,95% CI=0.64-0.93),age (OR=2.29,95% CI=1.46-3.60),marital status (OR=2.05,95% CI=1.28-3.27),and chronic diseases (OR=15.02,95% CI=12.93-17.43).The influential factors of the two-week morbidity in 2013 were age (OR=4.79,95% CI=3.01-7.63),chronic diseases (OR=60.14,95% CI=53.03-68.21),and medical insurance coverage (OR=1.33,95% CI=1.03-1.74). Conclusion The needs for health care services have dramatically increased after new health care reform among residents of Jilin province. Chronic diseases have become the major health concerns.
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Objective To analyze the influencing factors of stunting in children under 5 years old in Jilin province in 2013,with an attempt to further improve the nutrition status among children. Methods Data on stunting in children under 5 years old in Jilin province were extracted from the National Health Services Survey 2013 in Jilin province. The influencing factors of stunting were analyzed by using univariate analysis and Logistic regression analysis.. Results The stunting prevalence in children under 5 years old was 23.8% in 2013. Univariate analysis showed that urban residence (OR=0.38,95% CI=0.25-0.57),high income (OR=0.40,95% CI=0.24-0.66),mother's education level (higher than primary school) (OR=0.50,95% CI=0.32-0.81),safe water coverage (OR=0.41,95% CI=0.22-0.75),and clean toilet coverage (OR=0.36,95% CI=0.24-0.53) are protective factors of stunting. After adjusting other factors,urban residence (OR=0.54,95% CI=0.31-0.94),safe water coverage (OR=0.28,95% CI=0.13-0.60),and clean toilet coverage (OR=0.40,95% CI=0.24-0.67) still showed protective effects. Conclusion The urban-rural disparity and the availability of safe water and clean toilet are the major factors of stunting among children under 5 years old in Jilin province. The major public health service program should be fully implemented to improve the nutrition status among children.
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Objective To understand the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and its influencing factors in Jilin province and compare two life quality measurement methods. Methods The data of 13 700 people aged above 15 years in Jilin province were extracted from the National Health Services Survey 2013. Self-rated health scores and EuroQol 5-dimension utility values were used to evaluate the HRQoL. Multivariable linear regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors. Results The self-rated health score was 81.26±15.73 in Jilin province,while utility values of health status were 0.959±0.124. The influencing factors of HRQoL included age,residency,education,income,type of health insurance,having non-communicable chronic disease and having disease in last two weeks. The age under 45,income,having non-communicable chronic disease,and having disease in last two weeks had stronger effect on self-rated health,whereas residency and type of health insurance had more effect on utility values of health status. Conclusion People in Jilin province have good quality of life. Both methods have their advantages and weakness. It is important to choose the right evaluation method depended on the objective of a specific study.
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Objective To explore the effect of 1a,25(OH)2 D3 on circadian clock gene expressions in cardiac myocytes.Methods Cultured cardiac myocytes isolated from 7 -day -old Sprague -Dawley(SD)rats were identified by immunofluorescence.The medium including 1a,25 (OH)2 D3 (final concentrations were 0 nmol/L,1 nmol/L, 10 nmol/L,50 nmol/L and 100 nmol/L)were added to primary myocardial cells to culture for 2 h and then total RNA was extracted.Real -time polymerase chain reaction (RT -PCR)was applied to analyze myocardial cells circadian clock gene (Bmal1,Per2,Rev -erba)transcript levels to determine optimum concentration of 1a,25(OH)2 D3 .Then, the primary myocardial cells cultured for 72 h were divided into 3 groups:the control group was of serum -free culture medium;serum shock group was of DMEMcontaining 50%volume fraction of horse serum cultured 2 h;1a,25(OH)2 D3 treatment group receiving 1a,25 (OH)2 D3 at optimal concentration cultured 2 h.The cells were collected at 7 time points (0 h,4 h,8 h,12 h,16 h,20 h,24 h)and then total RNA was extracted.RT -PCR was applied to analyze circa-dian clock gene (Bmal1,Per2,Rev -erba)transcript levels in the myocardial cells.Results In the presence of 50 nmol/L 1 a,25(OH)2 D3 ,the Bmal1 mRNA expression showed the highest level,but the Per2 and Rev -erba mRNA expression levels were minimum.Compared with the control group,both 1a,25 (OH)2 D3 treatment group and serum shock group caused day -cycle rhythmic oscillation in circadian clock genes(Bmal1,Per2,Rev -erba)in the cardiac myocytes.And the expressions pattern of Bmal1 and Per2 genes were in the opposite phase.While Bmal1 gene expres-sion appeared at peak at 12 h,Per2 gene expression appeared in a trough.Expression of Rev -erba gene trend began to rise at 8 h,and the highest expression level appeared at 12 -16 h.Conclusions 1a,25(OH)2 D3 can affect Bmal1, Per2 and Rev -erba mRNA expressions of circadian clock genes in the cardiac myocytes.
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Objective To explore the basic biological characteristics of lncRNA -uc.1 67,and its spatial dis-tribution,temporal expression pattern during the mouse embryonic development.Methods The UCSC genome browser of ENCODE was used to analyze preliminary bioinformatics of lncRNAs.Real -time (RT)-PCR was applied to detect the expression of uc.1 67 and neighboring genes in the embryonic mouse heart in different stages (P7.5,P1 1 .5,P1 4.5, P1 8.5).Dimethyl sulphoxide was used to induce P1 9 cell differentiation into the cardiomyocytes.RT -PCR was applied to detect the expression changes in uc.1 67 and neighboring genes on differential day 0,4,6,8 and 1 0.Results Full -length of human uc.167 was 201 bp,and human uc.167 was located in the genome 5q14.3 (chr5:88179623 -881 79824,GRCh37 /hg1 9).uc.1 67 mainly expressed in the ventricular muscle tissue.The expression of uc.1 67 was gradually decreased in the mouse embryonic heart development process(P7.5:1 .000 ±0.1 00,P1 1 .5:0.71 4 ±0.1 07, P1 4.5:0.393 ±0.043,P1 8.5:0.1 25 ±0.01 3),while the expression of its neighboring Mef2c gene was gradually in-creased(P7.5:1 .081 ±0.1 1 8,P1 1 .5:2.340 ±0.351 ,P1 4.5:3.958 ±0.542,P1 8.5:9.361 ±0.722),which showed an opposite trend.The expression of uc.1 67 during P1 9 cell differentiation into cardiomyocytes showed a an increase at first and then a decreasepattern,and the highest level expression of uc.1 67 was on differential day 4(d0:1 .071 ± 0.1 1 7,d4:4.71 4 ±0.501 ,d6:3.572 ±0.41 4,d8:2.550 ±0.31 4,d1 0:0.786 ±0.085).The expression of neigh-boring gene Mef2c was in an opposite trend(d0:1 .01 2 ±0.041 ,d4:0.353 ±0.037,d6:2.470 ±0.329,d8:6.706 ± 0.682,d1 0:7.765 ±0.705).Conclusions It is suggested that uc.1 67 may take part in the process of embryonic heart development and may play a role through negatively regulating its neighboring gene Mef2c.
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Objective To explore the dose-effect,time-effect and safety of alteplase in the treatment of acute cerebral infarction.Methods One hundred and ten patients with acute cerebral infarction were selected,among whom 50 patients whose time window ≤3.0 h were divided into group A and group B by random digits table method with 25 cases each,and 60 patients whose time window 3.1-4.5 h were divided into group C and group D by random digits table method with 30 cases each.The patients in group A and group C received alteplase 0.6 mg/kg (maximum dose 60 mg) intravenous thrombolysis;the patients in group B and group D received alteplase 0.9 mg/kg (maximum dose 90 mg) intravenous thrombolysis.The national institutes of health stroke scale (NIHSS) scores before treatment and 1 h,24 h,7 d,30 d and 90 d after treatment were observed in the 4 groups.The therapeutic effect,complication incidence and fatality rate were compared.The prognosis was estimated by modified Rankin scale (mRS) score 90 d after treatment.Results The NIHSS scores 1 h,24 h,7 d,30 d and 90 d after treatment were significantly lower than those before treatment in the 4 groups,and there were statistical differences (P ＜ 0.05).The NIHSS score decreased significantly with time.There were no statistical differences in NIHSS score between group A and group B,group C and group D.There were no statistical differences in complication incidence and fatality rate 90 d aftcr treatment in group A and group D compared with group B and group C (P＞ 0.05).The rate of eusemia in group A was 76.00％ (19/25),in group B was 64.00％ (16/25),in group C was 43.33％ (13/30),and in group D was 53.33％ (16/30).And there were no statistical differences between group A and group B (x2 =0.620,P ＞0.05),and between group C and group D (x2 =0.069,P＞ 0.05).Conclusions The low dose alteplase is also effective and safe to acute cerebral infarction patients at time window ≤ 3 h.It is also effective and safe to acute cerebral infarction patients at time window 3.0-4.5 h at standard dose.
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Objective To observe the factors affecting inadequate ST-segment resolution in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction after emergency percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods The patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing emergency PCI were enrolled for study. According to the ratio of ST-segment resolution, 186 cases were divided into inadequate ST-segment resolution group (54 cases) and relatively adequate ST-segment resolution (132 cases). Clinical data of two groups were compared. The single factor and multiple Logistic regression analysis were performed to determine the factors influencing inadequate ST-segment resolution. Results Pre-infarction angina was protective factor of inadequate ST-segment resolution after emergency PCI (OR=0.361, 95%CI 0.131-0.994, P<0.05). Anterior myocardial infarction, attack-to-balloon time, Killip classification and white blood cell counts were risk factors of inadequate ST-segment resolution (OR=2.389, 95%CI 1.194-4.781;OR=1.655, 95% CI 1.082-2.532; OR=1.319, 95% CI 1.026-1.695; OR=1.184, 95% CI 1.004-1.396, P<0.05). Conclusions Patients with pre-infarction angina could reduce the risk of inadequate ST-segment resolution after PCI. Patients with anterior myocardial infarction,long attack-to-balloon time, Killip classification≥2 and high blood cell counts could increase the risk of inadequate ST-segment resolution, and earlier and more active clinical intervention should be taken.
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This study examined the effect of nicotine on the expression of mutant p53 (mt-p53) in bladder cancer rats. The rat models of bladder cancer were established by infusing N-methyl-nitroso-urea (MNU, 10 mg/kg every 2 weeks for 8 weeks) into the bladder. Pathological examination on the bladder was conducted to confirm the establishment of the model. All the bladder cancer rats were randomly divided into an MNU group and 3 nicotine groups. In the nicotine groups, the rats were intragastrically administered nicotine at different concentrations (25, 15, 5 mg/kg respectively) 3 times per week for 8 weeks. The mt-p53 expression was detected by the immunohistochemical method. The results showed that rat bladder cancer models developed histopathological changes of bladder transitional cell carcinoma. The positive rate of mt-p53 expression in the 3 nicotine groups (25, 15, 5 mg/kg) was 75.00%, 58.33% and 41.67% by the 14th week, respectively, significantly higher than that in the MNU group (33.33%) (all P<0.05). The mt-p53 expression rate was positively correlated with the medication dose and time (P<0.05). It is concluded that nicotine may play an important role in the development of bladder cancer partially by increasing the expression of mt-p53.
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The features of the symptoms, laboratory tests and pathological characteristics of adrenal cortical and medullary hyperplasia were studied. In 6 cases of hypercatecholaminenia, plasma norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E), catecholamine (CA) and 24-h urinary vanillylmandelic acid (VMA), 17-hydroxycorticosteroid (OHCS) and 17-ketosteroid (KS) were determined. Adrenal glands were examined by CT scan and 131I-MIBG imaging. Pathological examination was performed after operation. The results showed that in 6 cases of hypercatecholaminenia (3 men and 3 women) aged from 34-50 years, the clinical features were just like "pheochromocytoma", for example, episodic headache, perspiration, palpitation, pallor, apprehension, nausea, tremor, anxiety and so on. Plasma levels of CA, NE and E were elevated in all 6 cases. 24-h urinary samples obtained at the onset revealed elevated VMA in 1 case. 24-h urinary cortisol was obviously elevated in all 6 cases. 24-h urinary 17-OHCS, 17-KS was normal. B-type ultrasound, CT, MRI and 131I-MIBG revealed 9 lateral adrenal gland diffuse or nodular enlargement in 6 cases. Pathologic examination showed adrenal cortical and medullary hyperplasia. Clinically, adrenal cortical and medullary hyperplasia resembled "pheochromocytoma". The most significant feature of this disease was both elevated plasma CA and 24-h urinary cortisol obviously. Pathologic examination showed adrenal cortex nodular hyperplasia and medullar diffuse or limit hyperplasia. Whether it is an independent disease or symptoms of the other disease has not final conclusion up till now.
Subject(s)
Adrenal Cortex/pathology , Adrenal Gland Diseases/pathology , Adrenal Medulla/pathology , Adrenocortical Hyperfunction/pathology , Catecholamines/blood , Hyperplasia , Hypertension/etiology , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
The features of the symptoms, laboratory tests and pathological characteristics of adrenal cortical and medullary hyperplasia were studied. In 6 cases of hypercatecholaminenia, plasma norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E), catecholamine (CA) and 24-h urinary vanillylmandelic acid (VMA), 17-hydroxycorticosteroid (OHCS) and 17-ketosteroid (KS) were determined. Adrenal glands were examined by CT scan and 131I-MIBG imaging. Pathological examination was performed after operation. The results showed that in 6 cases of hypercatecholaminenia (3 men and 3 women) aged from 34-50 years, the clinical features were just like "pheochromocytoma", for example, episodic headache, perspiration, palpitation, pallor, apprehension, nausea, tremor, anxiety and so on. Plasma levels of CA, NE and E were elevated in all 6 cases. 24-h urinary samples obtained at the onset revealed elevated VMA in 1 case. 24-h urinary cortisol was obviously elevated in all 6 cases. 24-h urinary 17-OHCS, 17-KS was normal. B-type ultrasound, CT, MRI and 131I-MIBG revealed 9 lateral adrenal gland diffuse or nodular enlargement in 6 cases. Pathologic examination showed adrenal cortical and medullary hyperplasia. Clinically, adrenal cortical and medullary hyperplasia resembled "pheochromocytoma". The most significant feature of this disease was both elevated plasma CA and 24-h urinary cortisol obviously. Pathologic examination showed adrenal cortex nodular hyperplasia and medullar diffuse or limit hyperplasia. Whether it is an independent disease or symptoms of the other disease has not final conclusion up till now.